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Stephen King is returning to the character of Holly Gibney in a new novel titled Holly. The spelling as [212] Upon news of this, Stephen gathered up a large force and marched from Oxford, and the two sides confronted each other across the River Thames at Wallingford in July. [141] The Empress now began to take the necessary steps to have herself crowned queen in his place, which would require the agreement of the church and her coronation at Westminster. [185] Surprisingly, Stephen himself ended up paying their costs, allowing Henry to return home safely; his reasons for doing so are unclear. [61] The extent to which lands and positions should be passed down through hereditary right or by the gift of the King was still uncertain, and tensions concerning this issue had grown during the reign of Henry I. The King was supported by Hugh of Amiens, Archbishop of Rouen, who challenged the bishops to show how canon law entitled them to build or hold castles. Henry asserted the Church's right to investigate and judge all charges against members of the clergy. [98] In response to the revolts and invasions, he rapidly undertook several military campaigns, focusing primarily on England rather than Normandy. [232] In Normandy, Orderic Vitalis wrote his Ecclesiastical History, covering Stephen's reign until 1141, and Robert of Torigni wrote a later history of the rest of the period. [26], With William Adelin dead, Henry had only one other legitimate child, the future Empress Matilda, but as a woman she was at a substantial political disadvantage. (1994) "1066 and the Introduction of Chivalry into England," in, Green, J. [182] Some parts of the country, though, were barely touched by the conflictfor example, Stephen's lands in the south-east and the Angevin heartlands around Gloucester and Bristol were largely unaffected, and David I ruled his territories in the north of England effectively. Captured at the battle of Lincoln in 1141, he was abandoned by many of his followers and lost control of Normandy. [3][nb 3] Stephen's remaining older brother, Odo, died young, probably in his early teens. [164] Stephen attempted to break out and escape, resulting in the battle of Wilton. [231] All of the main chronicler accounts carry significant regional biases in how they portray the disparate events. Placed into the court of his uncle Henry I of England, Stephen rose in prominence and was granted extensive lands. [41], Stephen's younger brother, Henry of Blois, had also risen to power under Henry I. Henry of Blois had become a Cluniac monk and followed Stephen to England, where the King made him Abbot of Glastonbury, the richest abbey in England. The royal administration under Henry I had been headed by Roger, the Bishop of Salisbury, supported by Roger's nephews, Alexander and Nigel, the Bishops of Lincoln and Ely respectively, and Roger's son, Lord Chancellor Roger le Poer. 4647; Crouch (2002), p. 252. [220], Stephen's decision to recognise Henry as his heir was, at the time, not necessarily a final solution to the civil war. Kenji Yoshitake represents the current academic consensus when he notes that the impact of the arrests "was not serious", placing the beginning of the disintegration of the royal government at the subsequent battle of Lincoln. [4] His eldest brother was William, who under normal circumstances would have ruled Blois and Chartres. Aubrey threatened that Stephen would complain to the pope that he was being harassed by the English church, and the council let the matter rest following an unsuccessful appeal to Rome. [99] Dover finally surrendered to the queen's forces later in the year. [33] Nonetheless, relations between Henry, Matilda, and Geoffrey became increasingly strained towards the end of the King's life. Both Stephen's wife, Queen Matilda, and his older brother Theobald died in 1152. The papacy named Henry papal legate, possibly as consolation for not receiving Canterbury. [213], In the aftermath of Wallingford, Stephen and Henry spoke together privately about a potential end to the war; Stephen's son Eustace, however, was furious about the peaceful outcome at Wallingford. Ranulf of Chester revolted once again in the summer of 1144, splitting up Stephen's Honour of Lancaster between himself and Prince Henry. [29], Stephen was a well established figure in Anglo-Norman society by 1135. Matilda and Geoffrey suspected that they lacked genuine support in England, and proposed to Henry in 1135 that the King should hand over the royal castles in Normandy to Matilda whilst he was still alive and insist on the Norman nobility swearing immediate allegiance to her, thereby giving the couple a much more powerful position after Henry's death. As he stepped into a congressional elevator, Santos told reporters he would not resign unless 142 people told him to quit. [219] Stephen and Henry sealed the treaty with a kiss of peace in the cathedral. [30] Conflict was curtailed, however, by the power of the King's personality and reputation. The name, in both the forms Stephen and Steven, is often shortened to Steve or Stevie. Stephen, also called Stephen Of Blois, (born c. 1097died Oct. 25, 1154, Dover, Kent, Eng. (2001) "Kingship, usurpation and propaganda in twelfth century Europe: the case of Stephen", This page was last edited on 7 January 2023, at 01:15. [53] Northern England was a disputed territory at this time, with the Scottish kings laying a traditional claim to Cumberland, and David also claiming Northumbria by virtue of his marriage to the daughter of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria. They hadnt seen each other since Stephen moved out of the neighborhood two years before, and as they catch up Teichner laments the recent Modern historians have extensively debated the extent to which his personality, external events, or the weaknesses in the Norman state contributed to this prolonged period of civil war. [91] The town of Bristol itself proved too strong for him, and Stephen contented himself with raiding and pillaging the surrounding area. [167] The King had disliked the Earl for several years, and provoked the conflict by summoning Geoffrey to court, where the King arrested him. King (2010), p. 38; Crouch (2008a), p. 162. [78][nb 10][nb 11], In the years following his succession, Stephen's relationship with the church became gradually more complex. [215], Fighting continued after Wallingford, but in a rather half-hearted fashion. [100] The King took the opportunity of his military advantage to forge a peace agreement with Scotland. [150] Waleran's twin brother, Robert of Leicester, effectively withdrew from fighting in the conflict at the same time. Modern historians, such as Edmund King, doubt that Hugh Bigod was being truthful in his account. When the Empress and Robert invaded in 1139, Stephen was unable to crush the revolt rapidly, and it took hold in the south-west of England. [45] Stephen's elder brother Theobald was further south still, in Blois. [48], The crowds in London traditionally claimed a right to elect the King, and they proclaimed Stephen the new monarch, believing that he would grant the city new rights and privileges in return. [240] Stubbs' analysis, focusing on the disorder of the period, influenced his student John Round to coin the term "the Anarchy" to describe the period, a label that, whilst sometimes critiqued, continues to be used today. [42] Henry of Winchester was keen to reverse what he perceived as encroachment by the Norman kings on the rights of the church. [87], Stephen's first few years as king can be interpreted in different ways. When Henry died in 1135, Stephen quickly crossed the English Channel and with the help of his brother Henry, Bishop of Winchester and Abbot of Glastonbury, took the throne, arguing that the preservation of order across the kingdom took priority over his earlier oaths to support the claim of Henry I's daughter, the Empress Matilda. These armies, however, were ill-suited to besieging castles, whether the older motte-and-bailey designs or the newer, stone-built keeps. Common until the late 18th century. Following the battle of Tinchebray in 1106, Henry confiscated the County of Mortain from his cousin William, and the Honour of Eye, a large lordship previously owned by Robert Malet. The Beaumont Twins: The Roots and Branches of Power in the Twelfth Century. WebStephen Announces New Book on Podcast. [28] Geoffrey was unpopular with the Anglo-Norman elite: as an Angevin ruler, he was a traditional enemy of the Normans. [42] The combined revenues of the two positions made Henry of Winchester the second-richest man in England after the King. [236] Later chronicles written during the reign of Henry II were generally more negative: Walter Map, for example, described Stephen as "a fine knight, but in other respects almost a fool". The impact of these arrests on the efficacy of the subsequent royal administration and the loyalty of the wider English church has been much discussed. [77], The security of Normandy was also a concern. (ed) (1998), Coss, Peter. [44], When news began to spread of Henry I's death, many of the potential claimants to the throne were not well placed to respond. [25] The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty yearsWilliam the Conqueror had gained England by force, William Rufus and Robert Curthose had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. David Crouch argues that in fact it was the royalist weakness in infantry that caused their failure at Lincoln, proposing the city militia was not as capable as Robert's Welsh infantry. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. [129] Nigel escaped to Gloucester, but his men and castle were captured, and order was temporarily restored in the east. Cultural depictions of Stephen, King of England, Review of King Stephen, (review no. WebDRAMA & SOAPS. He stabilised the northern border with Scotland, contained Geoffrey's attacks on Normandy, was at peace with Louis VI, enjoyed good relations with the church and had the broad support of his barons. In 1106 he invaded and captured the Duchy of Normandy, controlled by his eldest brother, Robert Curthose, defeating Robert's army at the battle of Tinchebray. Stephen was probably with Henry during the military campaign of 1112, when he was knighted by the King. Barlow, p. 168; Crouch (1998), p. 264; Carpenter, p. 168. The King tried to convince the Church to agree to crown Eustace to reinforce his claim; Pope Eugene III refused, and Stephen found himself in a sequence of increasingly bitter arguments with his senior clergy. 1038), Blood on Their Hands, and Sex on Their Minds. (eds) (2000), Round, John H. (1888) "Danegeld and the Finance of Domesday," in Dove, P. E. (ed) (1888), White, Graeme. [12] Henry then found himself in conflict with Louis VI of France, who took the opportunity to declare Robert's son, William Clito, the Duke of Normandy. David Carpenter and R. Davis, however, observe that Stephen had ended up breaking his promises to the Church, was forced to appear before a church court, and damaged his relationship with Henry of Blois, which would have grave implications in 1141. Posted: March 2nd, 2022 7:29:15 pm EST. [211] The fall of Wallingford appeared imminent and Henry marched south in an attempt to relieve the siege, arriving with a small army and placing Stephen's besieging forces under siege themselves. Stephen did not participate in the Second Crusade himself due to internal conflicts in his kingdom. [81] Stephen was less successful, however, in regaining the Argentan province along the Normandy and Anjou border, which Geoffrey had taken at the end of 1135. [238], Historians in the "Whiggish" tradition that emerged during the Victorian era traced a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England over the medieval period. Prince Harry continued his publicity blitz on Tuesday, January 10th, with a good-natured pre-taped appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert! [168] He threatened to execute Geoffrey unless the Earl handed over his various castles, including the Tower of London, Saffron Walden and Pleshey, all important fortifications because they were in, or close to, London. WebStephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. [16] As a third surviving son, even of an influential regional family, Stephen still needed the support of a powerful patron to progress in life. The conference collapsed over the insistence by Henry and the clergy that they should set the terms of any peace deal, which Stephen found unacceptable. [107] With their new lands, the power of the Beamounts grew to the point where David Crouch suggests that it became "dangerous to be anything other than a friend of Waleran" at Stephen's court. The King tried to convince the Church to agree to crown Eustace to reinforce his claim; Pope Eugene III refused, and Stephen found himself in a sequence of increasingly bitter arguments with his senior clergy. [17] The gift of the Honour of Lancaster also followed after it was confiscated by Henry from Roger the Poitevin. [226], After Stephen's death, Henry II succeeded to the throne of England. [1][nb 1] His father was Stephen-Henry, Count of Blois and Chartres, an important French nobleman, and an active crusader, who played only a brief part in Stephen's early life. [11], Stephen's early life was heavily influenced by his relationship with his uncle Henry I. Henry seized power in England following the death of his elder brother William Rufus. Following their 127-118 victory on the road against the Washington Wizards on Monday afternoon, Golden State Warriors head coach Steve Kerr compared Stephen Curry to Michael Jordan. WebStephen Announces New Book on Podcast. Common until the late 18th century. From Latin Stephanus, from Ancient Greek (Stphanos), from (stphanos, crown, wreath), from (stph, to put round, to surround) . TV-PG. Watch Now. [180] The royal forest law had collapsed in large parts of the country. Stephen and his supporters appear in Ellis Peters' historical detective series The Cadfael Chronicles, set between 1137 and 1145. Stephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. The Beaumont twins and their younger brother and cousins received the majority of these new earldoms. [38], Rumours about his father's cowardice during the First Crusade, however, continued to circulate, and a desire to avoid the same reputation may have influenced some of Stephen's rasher military actions. [207] Theobald escaped again into temporary exile in Flanders, pursued to the coast by Stephen's knights, marking a low point in Stephen's relationship with the church. [7] [17] [18] Between 1979 and 2009, he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, widely viewed as one of the [124] Stephen started by attacking Wallingford Castle, held by the Empress's childhood friend Brien FitzCount, only to find it too well defended. [209] In the face of the increasingly wintry weather, Stephen agreed to a temporary truce and returned to London, leaving Henry to travel north through the Midlands where the powerful Robert de Beaumont, Earl of Leicester, announced his support for the Angevin cause. [113] As the papal legate, he summoned the King to appear before an ecclesiastical council to answer for the arrests and seizure of property. (2000) "The Impact of 'Foreign' Troops in the Civil Wars of Stephen's Reign," in Dunn, Diana E. S. (ed) (2000), Coulson, Charles. [198] Stephen's dispute with the church had its origins in 1140, when Archbishop Thurstan of York died. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen, an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; he is widely regarded as the first martyr of the Christian Church. He gained the throne by usurpation but failed to consolidate his power during the ensuing civil strife. [5] Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Awards and nominations 4 Filmography [133] Stephen returned to London but received news that Ranulf, his brother and their family were relaxing in Lincoln Castle with a minimal guard force, a ripe target for a surprise attack of his own. [78] Henry wanted to succeed to the post, but Stephen instead supported Theobald of Bec, who was eventually appointed. [209] Despite only modest military successes, Henry and his allies now controlled the south-west, the Midlands and much of the north of England. [226] Stephen fell ill with a stomach disease and died on 25 October at the local priory, being buried at Faversham Abbey with his wife Matilda and son Eustace. [204][nb 23] At the end of 1148, Stephen and Theobald came to a temporary compromise that allowed Theobald to return to England. [119] The reasoning behind Stephen's decision to release his rival remains unclear. [72] His accession to the throne still needed to be ratified by the Pope, however, and Henry of Blois appears to have been responsible for ensuring that testimonials of support were sent both from Stephen's brother Theobald and from the French king Louis VI, to whom Stephen represented a useful balance to Angevin power in the north of France. WebStephen Sharer - Jump In! [7] [17] [18] Between 1979 and 2009, he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, widely viewed as one of the [237] A number of charters were issued during Stephen's reign, often giving details of current events or daily routine, and these have become widely used as sources by modern historians. The King tried to convince the Church to agree to crown Eustace to reinforce his claim; Pope Eugene III refused, and Stephen found himself in a sequence of increasingly bitter arguments with his senior clergy. Stephen Stephen is an innocent and honest person, yet full of unexpected surprises. Edmund King disagrees that the Empress received an invitation to. WebStephen Hawking. [221] Although Stephen's son William was unprepared to challenge Henry for the throne in 1153, the situation could well have shifted in subsequent yearsthere were widespread rumours during 1154 that William planned to assassinate Henry, for example. He portrayed Chase Adams on The CW drama series One Tree Hill [2] [3] [4] and appeared for two seasons on the MTV reality television series Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County. [152] Stephen's long-standing commander William of Ypres remained with the Queen in London; William Martel, the royal steward, commanded operations from Sherborne in Dorset, and Faramus of Boulogne ran the royal household. [229] Stephen probably had three illegitimate sons, Gervase, Abbot of Westminster, Ralph and Americ, by his mistress Damette; Gervase became abbot in 1138, but after his father's death he was removed by Henry in 1157 and died shortly afterwards. Posted: March 2nd, 2022 7:29:15 pm EST. [243] Modern historians vary in their assessments of Stephen as a king. He was known for his qualities as a statesman, his military experience, and leadership ability. [19] Stephen and his older brother Theobald were comprehensively beaten in the subsequent campaign, which culminated in the Battle of Alenon, and the territories were not recovered. Robert of Gloucester had garrisoned the ports of Dover and Canterbury and some accounts suggest that they refused Stephen access when he first arrived. From *steg- (to enlace) + - (-nos, suffix forming an adjective or noun) from Proto-Indo-European *-ns (suffix forming a verbal adjective from a verb stem) . WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. The royal charter of 1136 had promised to review the ownership of all the lands that had been taken by the crown from the church since 1087, but these estates were now typically owned by nobles. Other supporters of the Empress were restored in their former strongholds, such as Bishop Nigel of Ely, or received new earldoms in the west of England. [18] Stephen was also given lands in Alenon in southern Normandy by Henry, but the local Normans rebelled, seeking assistance from Fulk IV, Count of Anjou. As he stepped into a congressional elevator, Santos told reporters he would not resign unless 142 people told him to quit. War and society in medieval and early modern Britain. [156] Instead, in November the two sides simply exchanged Robert and the King,[156] with Stephen releasing Robert on 1 November 1141. [221] Despite the issuing of new currency and administrative reforms, Stephen might potentially have lived for many more years, whilst Henry's position on the continent was far from secure. Henry vigorously re-established royal authority in the aftermath of the civil war, dismantling castles and increasing revenues, although several of these trends had begun under Stephen. [214] Eustace's death removed an obvious claimant to the throne and was politically convenient for those seeking a permanent peace in England. Later in the year Stephen and Henry agreed to the Treaty of Winchester, in which Stephen recognised Henry as his heir in exchange for peace, passing over William, Stephen's second son. [172] By this point in the war, Stephen was depending increasingly on his immediate royal household, such as William of Ypres and others, and lacked the support of the major barons who might have been able to provide him with significant additional forces; after the events of 1141, Stephen made little use of his network of earls. WebStephen Colletti (born February 7, 1986) is an American actor and television personality. The King gave Eustace the County of Boulogne in 1147, but it remained unclear whether Eustace would inherit England. [66] An agreement was made under which David would return most of the territory he had taken, with the exception of Carlisle. 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